Several therapeutic options are currently available to treat excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in patients suffering from narcolepsy or obstructive sleep apnea. However, there are no comparisons between the various wake-promoting agents in terms of mechanism of action, efficacy, or safety. The goal of this study was to compare amphetamine, modafinil, solriamfetol, and pitolisant at their known primary pharmacological targets, histamine H3 receptors (H3R), dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin transporters, and in various in vivo preclinical models in relation to neurochemistry, locomotion, behavioral sensitization, and food intake. Results confirmed that the primary pharmacological effect of amphetamine, modafinil, and solriamfetol was to increase central dopamine neurotransmission, in part by inhibiting its transporter. Furthermore, solriamfetol increased levels of extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, and decreased the 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid (DOPAC)/DA ratio in the striatum, as reported for modafinil and amphetamine. All these compounds produced hyperlocomotion, behavioral sensitization, and hypophagia, which are common features of psychostimulants and of compounds with abuse potential. In contrast, pitolisant, a selective and potent H3R antagonist/inverse agonist that promotes wakefulness, had no effect on striatal dopamine, locomotion, or food intake. In addition, pitolisant, devoid of behavioral sensitization by itself, attenuated the hyperlocomotion induced by either modafinil or solriamfetol. Therefore, pitolisant presents biochemical, neurochemical, and behavioral profiles different from those of amphetamine and other psychostimulants such as modafinil or solriamfetol. In conclusion, pitolisant is a differentiated therapeutic option, when compared with psychostimulants, for the treatment of EDS, as this agent does not show any amphetamine-like properties within in vivo preclinical models.
Amphetamine/pharmacology , Carbamates/pharmacology , Corpus Striatum/drug effects , Disorders of Excessive Somnolence/drug therapy , Feeding Behavior/drug effects , Locomotion/drug effects , Modafinil/pharmacology , Phenylalanine/analogs & derivatives , Piperidines/pharmacology , Wakefulness-Promoting Agents/pharmacology , 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid/metabolism , Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors/pharmacology , Animals , Corpus Striatum/metabolism , Disorders of Excessive Somnolence/etiology , Dopamine/metabolism , Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/drug effects , Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism , Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors/pharmacology , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Drug Inverse Agonism , Histamine Antagonists/pharmacology , Mice , Narcolepsy/drug therapy , Neostriatum/drug effects , Neostriatum/metabolism , Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/drug effects , Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism , Nucleus Accumbens/drug effects , Nucleus Accumbens/metabolism , Phenylalanine/pharmacology , Receptors, Histamine H3 , Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/complications
